HIPSTER in the late 1940s was a black subcultural figure, who "liked hot jazz"
- best described in an essay published in 1948 by Anatole Broyard
- it is also being mentioned Ralph Ellison's "Invisible Man"
HIPSTER in the 1950s was a white subcultural figure, aspiring to achieve the "coolness" of black Americans
- "The White Negro" by Norman Mailer published in the 1957
- the 1959 book titled "Jazz Scene" by Eric Hobsbawm (Francis Newton)
- "Howl" by Alan Ginsberg -> Beat generation of 1950s San Francisco
HIPSTER post-1999:
a person that belongs to a SUBCULTURE that is already DOMINANT (“the starving artist, the starving graduate student, the neo-bohemian, the vegan or bicyclist or skate, the would-be blue collar or post-racial individual – who in fact belongs to both rebel subculture and the dominant class, and opens up a poisonous bridge between the two.”)
- "The Hipster Handbook" by Robert Lanham published in 2003
- 2010 "What was the hipster? A sociological investigation" by n+1 Foundation
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